What are the 3 concentric circles of English?

The Three Concentric Circles Model represents the spread of the English language in terms of three concentric circles: the Inner Circle, the Outer Circle and the Expanding Circle (Kachru, 1985).

What is Kachru’s concentric circles of English?

This paper attempts to examine in a descriptive way the pioneering model of “World Englishes” proposed by Kachru in the mid-1980s that allocates the presence of English into three concentric circles: The Inner Circle, the Outer Circle, and the Expanding Circle.

What is the inner circle according to Braj Kachru?

The inner circle (UK, US, etc.) is ‘norm-providing’. That means that English language norms are developed in these countries – English is the first language there. The outer circle (mainly New Commonwealth countries) is ‘norm-developing’.

What is the expanding circle English?

The expanding circle includes countries where English is spoken but where it does not necessarily have a colonial history or primary/official language status. This includes nations such as China, Japan, South Korea, Egypt, Nepal, Indonesia, Israel, Korea, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, USSR, and Zimbabwe.

Who is Braj Kachru What significant contribution did he give about the English language?

Professor Kachru authored and edited over 25 books and numerous research papers. He was author of The Indianization of English, The Alchemy of English, Asian Englishes: Beyond the Canon, A Reference Grammar of Spoken Kashmiri, A History of Kashmiri Literature, and co-author of other important works.

Who is the founder of three concentric circles of English *?

linguist Braj Kachru
It has become conventional to represent the diversity of varieties of English in the form of three concentric circles (an idea introduced by the linguist Braj Kachru in 1985).

What is Kachru circle?

Kachru constructed a model of the different uses of English around the world. This model is comprised of three concentric circles, which he labelled: the inner circle, the outer circle and the expanding circle.

What are the limitations of Kachru’s three circle model?

Limitations with Kachru’s model Grey area between Inner and Outer Circles as well as Outer and Expanding Circles. The world’s bilingual or multilingual speakers are not taken into account. Difficulty of using the model to define speakers in terms of their proficiency in English.

What is the result of language contact?

The result of the contact of two languages can be the replacement of one by the other. This is most common when one language has a higher social position (prestige). This sometimes leads to language endangerment or extinction.

Which country belongs to the outer circle?

Countries in the outer circle include India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore, South Africa, and more than 50 other nations.

What is Kachru’s circles model?

Kachru’s model describes the Inner Circle, Outer Circle and Expanding Circle as ‘norm-providing’, norm-developing’ and ‘norm-dependent’. Crystal wonders it is difficult to distinguish whether the Outer Circle looks to Inner Circle norms or it creates its own norms.

What is the inner circle Kachru model of English?

In the Kachru’s Three-circle Model, the Inner Circle Kachru’s model refers to the traditional bases of English, dominated by the mother-tongue varieties, where English acts as a first language (White, 1997). The countries involved in the Inner Circle include the USA, the UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.

What are Kachru’s World Englishes?

This paper attempts to examine in a descriptive way the pioneering model of “World Englishes” proposed by Kachru in the mid-1980s th at allocates the presence of English into three concentric circles: The InnerCircle, the OuterCircle, and the ExpandingCircle.

What are Kachru’s three concentric circles?

The article “Kachru’s Three Concentric Circles” is an informative literary piece for it gives lots of information or facts on how English language has clambered throughout the world and how it is widely spoken by less than two billion people worldwide.

Who is Braj Bihari Kachru?

Braj Bihari Kachru (15 May 1932 – 29 July 2016) was an Indian linguist. He was Jubilee Professor of Linguistics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He coined the term ” World English ” and also published studies on the Kashmiri language .